Publications

Anisha Gupta, Dan Carpenter, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Enhancing Stealth Assessment in Collaborative Game-based Learning with Multi-Task Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 304-315, Tokyo, 2023.

Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Krista Glazewski, Minji Jeon, Kathleen Jantaraweragul, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Adam Scribner, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Lessons Learned for AI Education with Elementary Students and Teachers. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Education, 33(2), 267-289, 2023.

Fahmid Morshed Fahid, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, Jessica Vandenberg, Halim Acosta, Thomas Brush, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Effects of Modalities in Detecting Behavioral Engagement in Collaborative Game-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 208-218, Arlington, Texas, 2023.

Andrew Emerson, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Multimodal Predictive Student Modeling with Multi-Task Transfer Learning. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 333-344, Arlington, Texas, 2023.

Megan Wiedbusch, James Lester, and Roger Azevedo. A Multi-Level Growth Modeling Approach to Measuring Learner Attention with Metacognitive Pedagogical Agents. Metacognition and Learning, 18, 465-494, 2023.

Andrew Emerson, Wookhee Min, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Student Knowledge in Game-Based Learning with Distributed Representations of Assessment Questions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 40-57, 2023.

Kyungjin Park, Bradford Mott, Seung Lee, Anisha Gupta, Kathleen Jantaraweragul, Krista Glazewski, Adam Scribner, Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Investigating a Visual Interface for Elementary Students to Formulate AI Planning Tasks. Journal of Computer Languages, 73, 2022.

Jason Saville, Randall Spain, Donia Slack, Edward Hill, and James Lester. Evaluating the Usability of a Next-Generation Heads-Up Display for Firefighters in a Virtual Environment. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1942-1946, Atlanta, Georgia, 2022.

Anisha Gupta, Dan Carpenter, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Enhancing Multimodal Goal Recognition in Open-World Games with Natural Language Player Reflections. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 37-44, Pomona, California, 2022.

Alex Goslen, Dan Carpenter, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Robust Player Plan Recognition in Digital Games with Multi-Task Multi-Label Learning. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 105-112, Pomona, California, 2022.

Elizabeth Cloude, Daryn Dever, Debbie Hahs-Vaughn, Andrew Emerson, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Affective Dynamics and Cognition During Game-Based Learning. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 13(4), 1705-1717, 2022.

Kyungjin Park, Hyunwoo Sohn, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Disruptive Talk Detection in Multi-Party Dialogue within Collaborative Learning Environments with a Regularized User-Aware Network. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 490-499, Edinburgh, UK, 2022.

Alex Goslen, Dan Carpenter, Jonathan Rowe, Nathan Henderson, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Leveraging Student Goal Setting for Real-Time Plan Recognition in Game-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 78-89, Durham, UK, 2022.

Jiayi Zhang, Stephen Hutt, Jaclyn Ocumpaugh, Nathan Henderson, Alex Goslen, Jonathan Rowe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Investigating Student Interest and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 711-716, Durham, UK, 2022.

Nathan Henderson, Halim Acosta, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Trudi Lord, Frieda Reichsman, Chad Dorsey, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Enhancing Stealth Assessment in Game-Based Learning Environments with Generative Zero-Shot Learning. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 171-182, Durham, UK, 2022.

Jason Saville, Randall Spain, Joan Johnston, and James Lester. An Analysis of Squad Communication Behaviors during a Field-Training Exercise to Support Tactical Decision Making. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 109-116, New York, 2022.

Asmalina Saleh, Tanner Phillips, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. A Learning Analytics Approach Towards Understanding Collaborative Inquiry in a Problem-Based Learning Environment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(5), 1321-1342, 2022.

Randall Spain, Jonathan Rowe, Andy Smith, Benjamin Goldberg, Robert Pokorny, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Adaptive Remediation in Online Training. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation, 19(2), 173-193, 2022.

Daryn Dever, Megan Wiedbusch, Elizabeth Cloude, James Lester, and Roger Azevedo. Emotions and the Comprehension of Single versus Multiple Texts during Game-based Learning. Discourse Processes, 59(1-2), 94-115, 2022.

Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Enhancing Multimodal Affect Recognition with Multi-Task Affective Dynamics Modeling. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 1-8, Virtual, 2021.

Megan Mott, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Elizabeth Ozer, Alison Giovanelli, Mark Berna, Marianne Pugatch, Kathleen Tebb, Carlos Penilla, and James Lester. “What’s important to you, Max?”: The Influence of Goals on Engagement in an Interactive Narrative for Adolescent Health Behavior Change. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 379-392, Tallinn, Estonia, 2021.

Andy Smith, Danielle Boulden, Bradford Mott, Aleata Hubbard Cheuoua, James Minogue, Kevin Oliver, and Cathy Ringstaff. Supporting Interactive Storytelling with Block-Based Narrative Programming. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 416-424, Tallinn, Estonia, 2021.

Jennifer Houchins, Danielle Boulden, James Lester, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and Eric Wiebe. How Use-Modify-Create Brings Middle Grades Students to Computational Thinking. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 12(3), 1-20, 2021.

Randall Spain, Carlos Penilla, Elizabeth Ozer, Robert Taylor, Cathy Ringstaff, and James Lester. Leveraging Game-Based Learning Technologies to Introduce Adolescents to Health Science Careers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of STEM Outreach, 4(4), 1-11, 2021.

Kyungjin Park, Bradford Mott, Seung Lee, Krista Glazewski, Adam Scribner, Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Designing a Visual Interface for Elementary Students to Formulate AI Planning Tasks. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, pp. 1-9, Virtual, 2021.

Halim Acosta, Nathan Henderson, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, James Minogue, and James Lester. What’s Fair is Fair: Detecting and Mitigating Encoded Bias in Multimodal Models of Museum Visitor Attention. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 258-267, Montreal, Canada, 2021.

Elizabeth Cloude, Dan Carpenter, Daryn Dever, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Game-Based Learning Analytics for Supporting Adolescents’ Reflection. Journal of Learning Analytics, 8(2), 51-72, 2021.

Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Andrew Emerson, Jonathan Rowe, Seung Lee, James Minogue, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Museum Visitor Engagement with Multimodal Adversarial Domain Adaptation. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 93-104, Virtual, 2021.

Fahmid Morshed Fahid, Jonathan Rowe, Randall Spain, Benjamin Goldberg, Robert Pokorny, and James Lester. Adaptively Scaffolding Cognitive Engagement with Batch Constrained Deep Q-Networks. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 113-124, Virtual, 2021.

Xiaoyi Tian, Joseph Wiggins, Fahmid Morshed Fahid, Andrew Emerson, Dolly Bounajim, Andy Smith, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Modeling Frustration Trajectories and Problem-Solving Behaviors in Adaptive Learning Environments for Introductory Computer Science. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 355-360, Virtual, 2021.

Andrew Emerson, Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, James Minogue, and James Lester. Multimodal Trajectory Analysis of Visitor Engagement with Interactive Science Museum Exhibits. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 151-155, Virtual, 2021.

Wookhee Min, Randall Spain, Jason Saville, Bradford Mott, Keith Brawner, Joan Johnston, and James Lester. Multidimensional Team Communication Modeling for Adaptive Team Training: A Hybrid Deep Learning and Graphical Modeling Framework. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 293-305, Virtual, 2021.

Jason Saville, Randall Spain, Joan Johnston, and James Lester. Exploration of Team Communication Behaviors from a Live Training Event. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 101-108, Virtual, 2021.

Danielle Boulden, Arif Rachmatullah, Madeline Hinckle, Dolly Bounajim, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, James Lester, and Eric Wiebe. Supporting Students’ Computer Science Learning with a Game-based Learning Environment that Integrates a Use-Modify-Create Scaffolding Framework. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 129-135, Virtual, 2021.

Fahmid Morshed Fahid, Xiaoyi Tian, Andrew Emerson, Joseph Wiggins, Dolly Bounajim, Andy Smith, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Progression Trajectory-Based Student Modeling for Novice Block-Based Programming. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 189-200, Virtual, 2021.

Asmalina Saleh, Chen Feng, Haesol Bae, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Negotiating Accountability and Epistemic Stances in Middle-School Collaborative Discourse. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 197-200, Virtual, 2021.

Gloria Katuka, Richard Bex, Mehmet Celepkolu, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. My Partner was a Good Partner: Investigating the Relationship between Dialogue Acts and Satisfaction among Middle School Computer Science Learners. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 51-58, Virtual, 2021.

Karyn Housh, Asmalina Saleh, Tanner Phillips, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Designing for Equitable Participation in Collaborative Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 67-74, Virtual, 2021.

Dan Carpenter, Elizabeth Cloude, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Investigating Student Reflection during Game-Based Learning in Middle Grades Science. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 280-291, Virtual, 2021.

Kyungjin Park, Hyunwoo Sohn, Bradford Mott, Wookhee Min, Asmalina Saleh, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Detecting Disruptive Talk in Student Chat-Based Discussion within Collaborative Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, pp. 405-415, Virtual, 2021.

Jennifer Houchins, Kimkinyona Cully, Danielle Boulden, Kevin Oliver, Andy Smith, James Minogue, Bradford Mott, Rasha Elsayed, Aleata Hubbard Cheuoua, and Cathy Ringstaff. Teacher Perspectives on a Narrative-Centered Learning Environment to Promote Computationally-Rich Science Learning through Digital Storytelling. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education, pp. 35-40, Virtual, 2021.

Joseph Wiggins, Fahmid Morshed Fahid, Andrew Emerson, Madeline Hinckle, Andy Smith, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Exploring Novice Programmers’ Hint Requests in an Intelligent Block-Based Coding Environment. Proceedings of the Fifty-Second ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 52-58, Virtual, 2021.

Michael Geden, Andrew Emerson, Dan Carpenter, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Predictive Student Modeling in Game-Based Learning Environments with Word Embedding Representations of Reflection. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 31(1), 1-23, 2021.

Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Adam Scribner, Sandra Taylor, Kyungjin Park, Jonathan Rowe, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. AI-Infused Collaborative Inquiry in Upper Elementary School: A Game-Based Learning Approach. Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Virtual, 2021.

Arif Rachmatullah, Frieda Reichsman, Trudi Lord, Chad Dorsey, Bradford Mott, James Lester, and Eric Wiebe. Modeling Secondary Students’ Genetics Learning in a Game-Based Environment: Integrating the Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation and Flow Theory. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(4), 511-528, 2021.

Andy Smith, Bradford Mott, Sandra Taylor, Aleata Hubbard Cheuoua, James Minogue, Kevin Oliver, and Cathy Ringstaff. Toward a Block-Based Programming Approach to Interactive Storytelling for Upper Elementary Students. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 111-119, Bournemouth, UK, 2020.

Asmalina Saleh, Yuxin Chen, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Coordinating Scaffolds for Collaborative Inquiry in a Game-Based Learning Environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 57(9), 1490-1518, 2020.

Andrew Emerson, Nathan Henderson, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Seung Lee, James Minogue, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Visitor Engagement in Science Museums with Multimodal Learning Analytics. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 107-116, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2020.

Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Enhancing Affect Detection in Game-Based Learning Environments with Multimodal Conditional Generative Modeling. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 134-143, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2020.

Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Kyungjin Park, Sandra Taylor, Bita Akram, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Promoting Computer Science Learning with Block-Based Programming and Narrative-Centered Gameplay. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Games, pp. 654-657, Osaka, Japan, 2020.

Kristina Loderer, Reinhard Pekrun, and James Lester. Beyond Cold Technology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Emotions in Technology-Based Learning Environments. Learning and Instruction, 70, 2020.

Vikram Kumaran, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Generating Game Levels for Multiple Distinct Games with a Common Latent Space. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 109-115, Worcester, Massachusetts, 2020.

Nathan Henderson, Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Multimodal Player Affect Modeling with Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 224-230, Worchester, Massachusetts, 2020.

Dolly Bounajim, Arif Rachmatullah, Danielle Boulden, Bradford Mott, James Lester, Trudi Lord, Frieda Reichsman, Paul Horwitz, Chad Dorsey, and Eric Wiebe. Utilizing Cognitive Load Theory and Evidence-Centered Design to Inform the Design of Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp. 826-830, Virtual, 2020.

Randall Spain, Jason Saville, Barry Liu, Donia Slack, Edward Hill, John Holloway, Sarah Norsworthy, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Investigating a Virtual Reality-Based Emergency Response Scenario and Intelligent User Interface for First Responders. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp. 2114-2118, Virtual, 2020.

Arif Rachmatullah, Eric Wiebe, Danielle Boulden, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Development and Validation of the Computer Science Attitudes Scale for Middle School Students (MG-CS Attitudes). Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2, 2020.

Elizabeth Ozer, Jonathan Rowe, Kathleen Tebb, Mark Berna, Carlos Penilla, Alison Giovanelli, Carolyn Jasik, and James Lester. Fostering Engagement in Health Behavior Change: Iterative Development of an Interactive Narrative Environment to Enhance Adolescent Preventive Health Services. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(2), S34-S44, 2020.

Jonathan Rowe and James Lester. Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Preventive Adolescent Healthcare. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(2), S52-S58, 2020. (Journal of Adolescent Health 2020 "Distinguished Dozen")

Andrew Emerson, Michael Geden, Andy Smith, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Predictive Student Modeling in Block-Based Programming Environments with Bayesian Hierarchical Models. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 62-70, Genoa, Italy, 2020.

Nathan Henderson, Vikram Kumaran, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Ziwei Wu, Danielle Boulden, Trudi Lord, Frieda Reichsman, Chad Dorsey, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Enhancing Student Competency Models for Game-Based Learning with a Hybrid Stealth Assessment Framework. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 92-103, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020. (Best Student Paper Award)

Dan Carpenter, Andrew Emerson, Bradford Mott, Asmalina Saleh, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Detecting Off-Task Behavior from Student Dialogue in Game-Based Collaborative Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 56-66, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020.

Dan Carpenter, Michael Geden, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Automated Analysis of Middle School Students’ Written Reflections During Game-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 67-78, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020.

Andrew Emerson, Nathan Henderson, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Seung Lee, James Minogue, and James Lester. Investigating Visitor Engagement in Interactive Science Museum Exhibits with Multimodal Bayesian Hierarchical Models. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 165-176, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020.

Nathan Henderson, Jonathan Rowe, Luc Paquette, Ryan Baker, and James Lester. Improving Affect Detection in Game-Based Learning with Multimodal Data Fusion. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 228-239, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020.

Kyungjin Park, Bradford Mott, Wookhee Min, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Generating Game Levels to Develop Computer Science Competencies in Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 240-245, Ifrane, Morocco, 2020.

Andrew Emerson, Elizabeth Cloude, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Multimodal Learning Analytics for Game-Based Learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(5), 1505-1526, 2020.

Haesol Bae, Asmalina Saleh, Chen Feng, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Yuxin Chen, Adam Scribner, Thomas Brush, Bradford Mott, Seung Lee, and James Lester. Designing Intelligent Cognitive Assistants with Teachers to Support Classroom Orchestration of Collaborative Inquiry. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences, pp. 2101-2108, Nashville, 2020.

Yuxin Chen, Asmalina Saleh, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Supporting Collaboration: From Learning Analytics to Teacher Dashboards. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference of the Learning Sciences, pp. 1689-1692, Nashville, 2020.

Madeline Hinckle, Arif Rachmatullah, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Bradford Mott, James Lester, and Eric Wiebe. The Relationship of Gender, Experiential, and Psychological Factors to Achievement in Computer Science. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 225-231, Trondheim, Norway, 2020.

Michelle Taub, Robert Sawyer, Andy Smith, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. The Agency Effect: The Impact of Student Agency on Learning, Emotions, and Problem-Solving Behaviors in a Game-Based Learning Environment. Computers & Education, 147, 2020.

Wookhee Min, Megan Frankosky, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Andy Smith, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. DeepStealth: Game-Based Learning Stealth Assessment with Deep Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 13(2), 312-325, 2020.

Mehmet Celepkolu, David Austin Fussell, Aisha Chung Galdo, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Exploring Middle School Students' Reflections on the Infusion of CS into Science Classrooms. Proceedings of the Fifty-First ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 671-677, Portland, 2020.

Andrew Emerson, Andy Smith, Fernando Rodríguez, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Cluster-Based Analysis of Novice Coding Misconceptions in Block-Based Programming. Proceedings of the Fifty-First ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 825-831, Portland, 2020.

Michelle Taub, Robert Sawyer, James Lester, and Roger Azevedo. The Impact of Contextualized Emotions on Self-Regulated Learning and Scientific Reasoning during Learning with a Game-Based Learning Environment. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(1), 97-120, 2020.

Michael Geden, Andrew Emerson, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Predictive Student Modeling in Educational Games with Multi-Task Learning. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 654-661, New York, 2020.

Arif Rachmatullah, Bita Akram, Danielle Boulden, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, James Lester, and Eric Wiebe. Development and Validation of the Middle Grades Computer Science Concept Inventory (MG-CSCI) Assessment. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(5), 2020.

James Lester, Randall Spain, Jonathan Rowe, and Bradford Mott. Instructional Feedback, Support, and Coaching in Game-based Learning Environments. Handbook of Game-based Learning, J. Plass, R. Mayer, & B. Homer (Eds.), pp. 209-237, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2020.

Michael Geden, Andy Smith, James Campbell, Randall Spain, Adam Amos-Binks, Bradford Mott, Jing Feng, and James Lester. Construction and Validation of an Anticipatory Thinking Assessment. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2749), 2019.

Randall Spain, Jonathan Rowe, Benjamin Goldberg, Robert Pokorny, and James Lester. Enhancing Learning Outcomes Through Adaptive Remediation with GIFT. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference, Orlando, 2019. (Best Paper in Education Award)

Bradford Mott, Robert Taylor, Seung Lee, Jonathan Rowe, Asmalina Saleh, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, and James Lester. Designing and Developing Interactive Narratives for Collaborative Problem-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 86-100, Snowbird, Utah, 2019.

J.T. Folsom-Kovarik, Jonathan Rowe, Keith Brawner, and James Lester. Toward Automated Scenario Generation With GIFT. Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 7 - Self-Improving Systems, Sinatra, A., Graesser, A., Hu, X., Brawner, K., and Rus, V. (Eds.), pp. 109-118, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Orlando, 2019.

Asmalina Saleh, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Krista Glazewski, Bradford Mott, Yuxin Chen, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Collaborative Inquiry Play: A Design Case to Frame Integration of Collaborative Problem Solving with Story-Centric Games. Information and Learning Sciences, 120(9), 547-566, 2019.

Nathan Henderson, Andrew Emerson, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Improving Sensor-Based Affect Detection with Multimodal Data Imputation. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 669-675, Cambridge, England, 2019.

Kyungjin Park, Bradford Mott, Wookhee Min, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Generating Educational Game Levels with Multistep Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Games, pp. 345-352, London, 2019.

Andrew Emerson, Andy Smith, Cody Smith, Fernando Rodríguez, Wookhee Min, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Predicting Early and Often: Predictive Student Modeling for Block-Based Programming Environments. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 39-48, Montreal, 2019.

Nathan Henderson, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, Keith Brawner, Ryan Baker, and James Lester. 4D Affect Detection: Improving Frustration Detection in Game-Based Learning with Posture-Based Temporal Data Fusion. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 144-156, Chicago, 2019.

Wookhee Min, Kyungjin Park, Joseph Wiggins, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Predicting Dialogue Breakdown in Conversational Pedagogical Agents with Multimodal LSTMs. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 195-200, Chicago, 2019.

Joseph Wiggins, Mayank Kulkarni, Wookhee Min, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Take the Initiative: Mixed Initiative Dialogue Policies for Pedagogical Agents in Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 314-318, Chicago, 2019.

Elizabeth Cloude, Michelle Taub, James Lester, and Roger Azevedo. The Role of Goal Achievement Orientation on Metacognitive Process Use in Game-based Learning. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 36-40, Chicago, 2019.

Haesol Bae, Krista Glazewski, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, James Lester, Bradford Mott, and Jonathan Rowe. Intelligent Cognitive Assistants to Support Orchestration in CSCL. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, pp. 947-948, Lyon, France, 2019.

Andy Smith, Samuel Leeman-Munk, Angela Shelton, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. A Multimodal Assessment Framework for Integrating Student Writing and Drawing in Elementary Science Learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 12(1), 3-15, 2019.

Eric Wiebe, Jennifer London, Osman Aksit, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Development of a Lean Computational Thinking Abilities Assessment for Middle Grades Students. Proceedings of the Fiftieth ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 456-461, Minneapolis, 2019.

Danielle Boulden, Eric Wiebe, Bita Akram, Osman Aksit, Philip Buffum, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Computational Thinking Integration into Middle School Science Classrooms: Strategies for Meeting the Challenges. Middle Grades Review, 4(3), 2018.

Robert Sawyer, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Modeling Player Engagement with Bayesian Hierarchical Models. Proceedings of the Fourteenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 215-221, Edmonton, Canada, 2018.

Joseph Wiggins, Mayank Kulkarni, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Affect-based Early Prediction of Player Mental Demand and Engagement for Educational Games. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 243-249, Edmonton, Canada, 2018.

Pengcheng Wang, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. High-Fidelity Simulated Players for Interactive Narrative Planning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 3884-3890, Stockholm, Sweden, 2018.

Bita Akram, Wookhee Min, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Improving Stealth Assessment in Game-based Learning with LSTM-based Analytics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 208-218, Buffalo, New York, 2018.

Robert Sawyer, Jonathan Rowe, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Filtered Time Series Analyses of Student Problem-Solving Behaviors in Game-based Learning. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 229-238, Buffalo, New York, 2018.

Andrew Emerson, Robert Sawyer, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Gaze-Enhanced Student Modeling for Game-based Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 63-72, Singapore, 2018.

Robert Sawyer, Nicholas Mudrick, Roger Azevedo, and James Lester. Impact of Learner-Centered Affective Dynamics on Metacognitive Judgements and Performance in Advanced Learning Technologies. Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 312-316, London, 2018.

Asmalina Saleh, Katherine Shanahan, Yuxin Chen, Cindy Hmelo-Silver, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Scaffolding Peer Facilitation in Computer-Supported Problem-based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS-2018), pp. 1831-1834, London, 2018.

Nicholas Mudrick, Robert Sawyer, Megan Price, James Lester, Candice Roberts, and Roger Azevedo. Identifying How Metacognitive Judgments Influence Student Performance During Learning with MetaTutorIVH. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 140-149, Montreal, Canada, 2018.

Lewis Johnson and James Lester. Pedagogical Agents: Back to the Future. AI Magazine, 39(2), 33-44, 2018.

Jeanine DeFalco, Jonathan Rowe, Luc Paquette, Vasiliki Georgoulas-Sherry, Keith Brawner, Bradford Mott, Ryan Baker, and James Lester. Detecting and Addressing Frustration in a Serious Game for Military Training. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 28(2), 152-193, 2018.

Philip Buffum, Kimberly Ying, Xiaoxi Zheng, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, David Blackburn, and James Lester. Introducing the Computer Science Concept of Variables in Middle School Science Classrooms. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 906-911, Baltimore, Maryland, 2018.

Michelle Taub, Roger Azevedo, Amanda Bradbury, Garrett Millar, and James Lester. Using Sequence Mining to Reveal the Efficiency in Scientific Reasoning During STEM Learning with a Game-based Learning Environment. Learning and Instruction, 54, 93-103, 2018.

Nicholas Mudrick, Michelle Taub, Roger Azevedo, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Toward Affect-Sensitive Virtual Human Tutors: The Influence of Facial Expressions on Learning and Emotion. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 184-189, San Antonio, Texas, 2017.

Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Robert Taylor, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Multimodal Goal Recognition in Open-World Digital Games. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 80-86, Snowbird, Utah, 2017.

Pengcheng Wang, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Simulating Player Behavior for Data-Driven Interactive Narrative Personalization. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 255-261, Snowbird, Utah, 2017.

Michelle Taub, Nicholas Mudrick, Roger Azevedo, Garrett Millar, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Using Multi-Channel Data with Multi-Level Modeling to Assess In-Game Performance During Gameplay with Crystal Island. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 641-655, 2017.

Pengcheng Wang, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Interactive Narrative Personalization with Deep Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 3852-3858, Melbourne, Australia, 2017.

Jaclyn Ocumpaugh, Juan Miguel Andres, Ryan Baker, Jeanine DeFalco, Luc Paquette, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, James Lester, Vasiliki Georgoulas, Keith Brawner, and Robert Sottilare. Affect Dynamics in Military Trainees using vMedic: From Engaged Concentration to Boredom to Confusion. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 238-249, Wuhan, China, 2017.

Wookhee Min, Megan Frankosky, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Inducing Stealth Assessors from Game Interaction Data. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 212-223, Wuhan, China, 2017.

Lydia Pezzullo, Joseph Wiggins, Megan Frankosky, Wookhee Min, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. "Thanks Alisha, Keep in Touch": Gender Effects and Engagement with Virtual Learning Companions. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 299-310, Wuhan, China, 2017.

Robert Sawyer, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Balancing Learning and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments with Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 323-334, Wuhan, China, 2017.

Jonathan Rowe, Eleni Lobene, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Play in the Museum: Design and Development of a Game-Based Learning Exhibit for Informal Science Education. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 9(3), 96-113, 2017.

Manning Pruden, Shea Kerkhoff, Hiller A. Spires, and James Lester. Enhancing Writing Achievement Through a Digital Learning Environment: Case Studies of Three Struggling Adolescent Male Writers. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 33(1), 1-19, 2017.

Joseph Wiggins, Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Do You Think You Can? The Influence of Student Self-Efficacy on the Effectiveness of Tutorial Dialogue for Computer Science. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27(1), 130-153, 2017.

Pengcheng Wang, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Decomposing Drama Management in Educational Interactive Narrative: A Modular Reinforcement Learning Approach. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 270-282, Los Angeles, California, 2016.

Wookhee Min, Alok Baikadi, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Barry Liu, Eun Young Ha, and James Lester. A Generalized Multidimensional Evaluation Framework for Player Goal Recognition. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 197-203, Burlingame, California, 2016.

Alexandria Vail, Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Gender Differences in Facial Expressions of Affect During Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, pp. 65-73, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2016.

Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Barry Liu, and James Lester. Player Goal Recognition in Open-World Digital Games with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 2590-2596, New York, New York, 2016.

Wookhee Min, Joseph Wiggins, Lydia Pezzullo, Alexandria Vail, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Bradford Mott, Megan Frankosky, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Predicting Dialogue Acts for Intelligent Virtual Agents with Multimodal Student Interaction Data. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 454-459, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2016.

Alexandria Vail, Joseph Wiggins, Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. The Affective Impact of Tutor Questions: Predicting Frustration and Engagement. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 247-254, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2016.

Philip Buffum, Megan Frankosky, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Collaboration and Gender Equity in Game-based Learning for Middle School Computer Science. IEEE Computing in Science and Engineering, 18(2), 18-28, 2016.

Kathleen Tebb, Rebecca Erenrich, Carolyn Jasik, Mark Berna, James Lester, and Elizabeth Ozer. Use of Theory in Computer-based Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 16(517), 2016.

Andy Smith, Osman Aksit, Wookhee Min, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Integrating Real-Time Drawing and Writing Diagnostic Models: An Evidence-Centered Design Framework for Multimodal Science Assessment. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 165-175, Zagreb, Croatia, 2016.

Michelle Taub, Nicholas Mudrick, Roger Azevedo, Garrett Millar, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Using Multi-Level Modeling with Eye-Tracking Data to Predict Metacognitive Monitoring and Self-Regulated Learning with Crystal Island. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 240-246, Zagreb, Croatia, 2016.

Alexandria Vail, Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Predicting Learning from Student Affective Response to Tutor Questions. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 154-164, Zagreb, Croatia, 2016.

Angela Shelton, Andy Smith, Eric Wiebe, Courtney Behrle, Ruth Sirkin, and James Lester. Drawing and Writing in Digital Science Notebooks: Sources of Formative Assessment Data. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 23(3), 474-488, 2016.

Philip Buffum, Megan Frankosky, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Empowering All Students: Closing the CS Confidence Gap with an In-School Initiative for Middle School Students. Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 382-387, Memphis, Tennessee, 2016.

Lewis Johnson and James Lester. Face-to-Face Interaction with Pedagogical Agents, Twenty Years Later. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(1), 25-36, 2016.

James Lester, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, and Robert Taylor. Design Principles for Pedagogical Agent Authoring Tools. Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 3 - Authoring Tools & Expert Modeling Techniques, Sottilare, R., Graesser, A., Hu, X., and Brawner, K. (Eds.), pp. 151-160, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Orlando, Florida, 2015.

Andy Smith, Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Diagrammatic Student Models: Modeling Student Drawing Performance with Deep Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, pp. 216-227, Dublin, Ireland, 2015.

Alexandria Vail, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. The Mars and Venus Effect: The Influence of User Gender on the Effectiveness of Adaptive Task Support. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, pp. 265-276, Dublin, Ireland, 2015. (Best Paper Award)

Luc Paquette, Jonathan Rowe, Ryan Baker, Bradford Mott, James Lester, Jeanine DeFalco, Keith Brawner, Robert Sottilare, and Vasiliki Georgoulas. Sensor-Free or Sensor-Full: A Comparison of Data Modalities in Multi-Channel Affect Detection. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 93-100, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Philip Buffum, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Mind the Gap: Improving Gender Equity in Game-Based Learning Environments with Learning Companions. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 64-73, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Modeling Self-Efficacy Across Age Groups with Automatically Tracked Facial Expression. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 582-585, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Samuel Leeman-Munk, Andy Smith, Bradford Mott, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Two Modes are Better Than One: A Multimodal Assessment Framework Integrating Student Writing and Drawing. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 205-214, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Wookhee Min, Megan Frankosky, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Eric Wiebe, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. DeepStealth: Leveraging Deep Learning Models for Stealth Assessment in Game-based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 277-286, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Jonathan Rowe and James Lester. Improving Student Problem Solving in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: A Modular Reinforcement Learning Framework. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 419-428, Madrid, Spain, 2015.

Philip Buffum, Megan Frankosky, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Leveraging Collaboration to Improve Gender Equity in a Game-based Learning Environment for Middle School Computer Science. RESPECT - IEEE Special Technical Community on Broadening Participation, pp. 1-8, Charlotte, North Carolina, 2015.

Aysu Ezen-Can, Joseph Grafsgaard, James Lester, and Kristy Elizabeth Boyer. Classifying Student Dialogue Acts with Multimodal Learning Analytics. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, pp. 280-289, Poughkeepsie, New York, 2015.

Philip Buffum, Eleni Lobene, Megan Frankosky, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. A Practical Guide to Developing and Validating Computer Science Knowledge Assessments with Application to Middle School. Proceedings of the Forty-Sixth ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 622-627, Kansas City, Missouri, 2015.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, Alexandria Vail, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. The Additive Value of Multimodal Features for Predicting Engagement, Frustration, and Learning during Tutoring. Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 42-49, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.

Alexandria Vail, Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, James Lester, and Kristy Elizabeth Boyer. Predicting Learning and Engagement in Tutorial Dialogue: A Personality-Based Model. Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 255-262, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.

James Lester, Eleni Lobene, Bradford Mott, and Jonathan Rowe. Serious Games with GIFT: Instructional Strategies, Game Design, and Natural Language in the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring. Design Recommendations for Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Volume 2 – Instructional Management, Sottilare, R., Graesser, A., Hu, X., and Goldberg, B. (Eds.), pp. 205-215, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Orlando, Florida, 2014.

Wookhee Min, Eun Young Ha, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Deep Learning-Based Goal Recognition in Open-Ended Digital Games. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 37-43, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2014.

Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Optimizing Player Experience in Interactive Narrative Planning: A Modular Reinforcement Learning Approach. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 160-166, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2014.

Alok Baikadi, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Generalizability of Goal Recognition Models in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 278-289, Aalborg, Denmark, 2014.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Predicting Learning and Affect from Multimodal Data Streams in Task-Oriented Tutorial Dialogue. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 122-129, London, England, 2014.

Andy Smith, Eric Wiebe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. SketchMiner: Mining Learner-Generated Science Drawings with Topological Abstraction. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 288-291, London, England, 2014.

Wookhee Min, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Leveraging Semi-Supervised Learning to Predict Student Problem-Solving Performance in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 664-665, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2014.

Jonathan Rowe, Eleni Lobene, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Serious Games Go Informal: A Museum-Centric Perspective on Intelligent Game-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 410-415, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2014.

Seung Lee, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. A Supervised Learning Framework for Modeling Director Agent Strategies in Educational Interactive Narrative. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, 6(2), 203-215, 2014.

Eun Young Ha, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Recognizing Player Goals in Open-Ended Digital Games with Markov Logic Networks. Plan, Activity and Intent Recognition: Theory and Practice, Sukthankar, G., Goldman, R., Geib, C., Pynadath, D., Bui, H. H. (Eds.), pp. 289-311, Morgan Kauffman, Waltham, Massachusetts, 2014.

Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, Wookhee Min, Robert Taylor, and James Lester. Flare: An Open Source Toolkit for Creating Expressive User Interfaces for Serious Games. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 2014.

Jonathan Rowe, Eleni Lobene, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Play in the Museum: Designing Game-Based Learning Environments for Informal Education Settings. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 2014.

Jennifer Sabourin and James Lester. Affect and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 5(1), 45-56, 2014.

Samuel Leeman-Munk, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Assessing Elementary Students' Science Competency with Text Analytics. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, pp. 143-147, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2014.

James Lester, Hiller A. Spires, John Nietfeld, James Minogue, Bradford Mott, and Eleni Lobene. Designing Game-based Learning Environments for Elementary Science Education: A Narrative-centered Learning Perspective. Information Sciences, 264, 4-18, 2014.

James Lester, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, and Jennifer Sabourin. Learner Modeling to Predict Real-Time Affect in Serious Games. Design Recommendations for Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Learner Modeling, Sottilare, R., Graesser, A., Hu, X., and Holden, H. (Eds.), pp. 201-210, Army Research Labs, Orlando, Florida, 2013.

James Lester, Eun Young Ha, Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, Jonathan Rowe, and Jennifer Sabourin. Serious Games Get Smart: Intelligent Game-Based Learning Environments. AI Magazine, 34(4), 31-45, 2013.

Chris Mitchell, Eun Young Ha, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Learner Characteristics and Dialogue: Recognizing Effective and Student-Adaptive Tutorial Strategies. International Journal of Learning Technology, 8(4), 382-403, 2013.

Jennifer Sabourin, Lucy Shores, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Understanding and Predicting Student Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Game-Based Learning Environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 23(1-4), 94-114, 2013.

Megan Hardy, Eric Wiebe, Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Physiological Responses to Events During Training: Use of Skin Conductance to Inform Future Adaptive Learning Systems. Proceedings of the Fifty-Seventh Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp. 2101-2105, San Diego, California, 2013.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Automatically Recognizing Facial Indicators of Frustration: A Learning-Centric Analysis. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 159-165, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.

Eun Young Ha, Chris Mitchell, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Learning Dialogue Management Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue with Parallel Dialogue and Task Streams. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 204-213, Metz, France, 2013.

Chris Mitchell, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Evaluating State Representations for Reinforcement Learning of Turn-Taking Policies in Tutorial Dialogue. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 339-343, Metz, France, 2013.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Embodied Affect in Tutorial Dialogue: Student Gesture and Posture. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 1-10, Memphis, Tennessee, 2013.

Wookhee Min, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Personalizing Embedded Assessment Sequences in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: A Collaborative Filtering Approach. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 369-378, Memphis, Tennessee, 2013.

Chris Mitchell, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. A Markov Decision Process Model of Tutorial Intervention in Task-Oriented Dialogue. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 828-831, Memphis, Tennessee, 2013.

Jennifer Sabourin, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Discovering Behavior Patterns of Self-Regulated Learners in an Inquiry-Based Learning Environment. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 209-218, Memphis, Tennessee, 2013.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Joseph Wiggins, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Automatically Recognizing Facial Expression: Predicting Engagement and Frustration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 43-50, Memphis, Tennessee, 2013.

Jennifer Sabourin, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Utilizing Dynamic Bayes Nets to Improve Early Prediction Models of Self-Regulated Learning. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, pp. 228-241, Rome, Italy, 2013. (James Chen Best Student Paper Award)

Jennifer Sabourin, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Considering Alternate Futures to Classify Off-Task Behavior as Emotion Self-Regulation: A Supervised Learning Approach. Journal of Educational Data Mining, 5(1), 9-38, 2013.

James Lester, Jonathan Rowe, and Bradford Mott. Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: A Story-Centric Approach to Educational Games. Emerging Technologies for the Classroom: A Learning Sciences Perspective, Mouza, C. and Lavigne N. (Eds.), pp. 223-238, Springer US, Manhattan, New York, USA, 2013.

James Lester, Bradford Mott, Jennifer Robison, Jonathan Rowe, and Lucy Shores. Supporting Self-Regulated Science Learning in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. International Handbook on Metacognition and Learning Technologies, Azevedo, R. & Aleven, V. (Eds.), pp. 471-483, Springer US, Manhattan, New York, USA, 2013.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Robert Fulton, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eric Wiebe, and James Lester. Multimodal Analysis of the Implicit Affective Channel in Computer-Mediated Textual Communication. Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 145-152, Santa Monica, California, 2012.

Angela Meluso, Meixun Zheng, Hiller A. Spires, and James Lester. Enhancing 5th Graders' Science Content Knowledge and Self-efficacy Through Game-based Learning. Computers & Education, 59, 497-504, 2012.

Eun Young Ha, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Goal Recognition with Markov Logic Networks for Player-Adaptive Games. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 2113-2119, Toronto, Canada, 2012.

Eun Young Ha, Joseph Grafsgaard, Chris Mitchell, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Combining Verbal and Nonverbal Features to Overcome the 'Information Gap' in Task-Oriented Dialogue. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual SIGDIAL Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 247-256, Seoul, South Korea, 2012.

Chris Mitchell, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. From Strangers to Partners: Examining Convergence within a Longitudinal Study of Task-Oriented Dialogue. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual SIGDIAL Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 94-98, Seoul, South Korea, 2012.

Jennifer Sabourin, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Student Self-Regulation Strategies by Combining Multiple Models. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 156-159, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Toward a Machine Learning Framework for Understanding Affective Tutorial Interaction. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 52-58, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Real-Time Narrative-Centered Tutorial Planning for Story-Based Learning. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 476-481, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Jennifer Sabourin, Lucy Shores, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Predicting Student Self-Regulation Strategies in Game-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 141-150, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Jennifer Sabourin, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Exploring Inquiry-based Problem-Solving Strategies in Game-based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 470-475, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Lucy Shores, Kristin Hoffmann, John Nietfeld, and James Lester. The Role of Sub-Problems: Supporting Problem Solving in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 464-469, Crete, Greece, 2012.

Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Seel, N. (Eds.), pp. 2423-2426, Springer US, Manhattan, New York, USA, 2012.

Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Director Agent Intervention Strategies for Interactive Narrative Environments. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, pp. 140-151, Vancouver, Canada, 2011.

Eun Young Ha, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Goal Recognition with Markov Logic Networks for Player-Adaptive Games. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, pp. 32-39, Palo Alto, California, 2011. (Best Paper Award)

Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, and James Lester. Predicting Facial Indicators of Confusion with Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 97-106, Memphis, Tennessee, 2011.

Jennifer Sabourin, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Modeling Learner Affect with Theoretically Grounded Dynamic Bayesian Networks. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 286-295, Memphis, Tennessee, 2011.

Sujith Gowda, Jonathan Rowe, Ryan Baker, Min Chi, and Ken Koedinger. Improving Models of Slipping, Guessing, and Moment-By-Moment Learning with Estimates of Skill Difficulty. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 199-208, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 2011.

Joseph Grafsgaard, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, and James Lester. Modeling Confusion: Facial Expression, Task, and Discourse in Task-Oriented Tutorial Dialogue. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 98-105, Auckland, New Zealand, 2011.

Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Modeling Narrative-Centered Tutorial Decision Making in Guided Discovery Learning. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 163-170, Auckland, New Zealand, 2011.

Jennifer Sabourin, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. When Off-Task is On-Task: The Affective Role of Off-Task Behavior in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 534-536, Auckland, New Zealand, 2011.

Lucy Shores, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Cognitive Tool Use in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 320-327, Auckland, New Zealand, 2011.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Joseph Grafsgaard, Eun Young Ha, Robert Phillips, and James Lester. An Affect-Enriched Dialogue Act Classification Model for Task-Oriented Dialogue. Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 1190-1199, Portland, Oregon, 2011.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eun Young Ha, Robert Phillips, and James Lester. The Impact of Task-Oriented Feature Sets on HMMs for Dialogue Modeling. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual SIGDIAL Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 49-58, Portland, Oregon, 2011.

James Lester, Scott McQuiggan, and Jennifer Sabourin. Affect Recognition and Expression in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. New Perspectives on Affect and Learning Technologies, R.A. Calvo & S.K. D'Mello (Eds.), pp. 85-96, Springer, New York, 2011.

Jonathan Rowe, Lucy Shores, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Integrating Learning, Problem Solving, and Engagement in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 21(1-2), 115-133, 2011.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, Amy Ingram, Eun Young Ha, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Investigating the Relationship Between Dialogue Structure and Tutoring Effectiveness: A Hidden Markov Modeling Approach. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 21(1-2), 65-81, 2011.

Hiller A. Spires, Jonathan Rowe, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Problem Solving and Game-Based Learning: Effects of Middle Grade Students' Hypothesis Testing Strategies on Learning Outcomes. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 44(4), 453-472, 2011.

Jonathan Rowe and James Lester. Modeling User Knowledge with Dynamic Bayesian Networks in Interactive Narrative Environments. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual AI and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference, pp. 57-62, Palo Alto, California, 2010.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eun Young Ha, Robert Phillips, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Dialogue Act Modeling in a Complex Task-Oriented Domain. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual SIGDIAL Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 297-305, Tokyo, Japan, 2010.

Eun Young Ha, Alok Baikadi, Carlyle Licata, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Exploring the Effectiveness of Lexical Ontologies for Modeling Temporal Relations with Markov Logic. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual SIGDIAL Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue, pp. 75-78, Tokyo, Japan, 2010.

Jonathan Rowe, Lucy Shores, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Individual Differences in Gameplay and Learning: A Narrative-Centered Learning Perspective. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games, pp. 171-178, Monterey, California, 2010.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, Amy Ingram, Eun Young Ha, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Characterizing the Effectiveness of Tutorial Dialogue with Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 55-64, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2010.

Seung Lee, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Optimizing Story-Based Learning: An Investigation of Student Narrative Profiles. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 155-165, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2010.

Jennifer Robison, Scott McQuiggan, and James Lester. Developing Empirically Based Student Personality Profiles for Affective Feedback Models. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 285-295, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2010.

Jonathan Rowe, Lucy Shores, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Integrating Learning and Engagement in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 166-177, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2010.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, William Lahti, Robert Phillips, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Principles of Asking Effective Questions During Student Problem Solving. Proceedings of the Forty-first ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 460-464, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2010.

Scott McQuiggan, Jennifer Robison, and James Lester. Affective Transitions in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Educational Technology & Society, 13(1), 40-53, 2010.

Lucy Shores, Jennifer Robison, Jonathan Rowe, Kristin Hoffmann, and James Lester. Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: A Self-Regulated Learning Perspective. AAAI Fall Symposium: Cognitive and Metacognitive Educational Systems, , 2009.

Jennifer Robison, Jonathan Rowe, Scott McQuiggan, and James Lester. Predicting User Psychological Characteristics from Interactions with Empathetic Virtual Agents. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 330-336, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009.

Jennifer Robison, Scott McQuiggan, and James Lester. Evaluating the Consequences of Affective Feedback in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Affective Computing & Intelligent Interaction, pp. 37-42, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009. (Best Student Paper Award)

Scott McQuiggan and James Lester. Modeling Affect Expression and Recognition in an Interactive Learning Environment. International Journal of Learning Technology, 4(3-4), 216-233, 2009.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eun Young Ha, Michael Wallis, Robert Phillips, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Discovering Tutorial Dialogue Strategies with Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 141-148, Brighton, U.K., 2009.

Jonathan Rowe, Scott McQuiggan, Jennifer Robison, and James Lester. Off-Task Behavior in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 99-106, Brighton, U.K., 2009.

Jennifer Robison, Scott McQuiggan, and James Lester. Modeling Task-Based vs. Affect-Based Feedback Behavior in Pedagogical Agents: An Inductive Approach Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 25-32, Brighton, U.K., 2009.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, Eun Young Ha, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Modeling Dialogue Structure with Adjacency Pair Analysis and Hidden Markov Models. Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Human Language Technologies Conference Companion Volume, pp. 49-52, Boulder, Colorado, 2009.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. The Impact of Instructor Initiative on Student Learning: A Tutoring Study. Proceedings of the Fortieth ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 14-18, Chattanooga, Tennessee, 2009.

Jonathan Rowe, Eun Young Ha, and James Lester. Archetype-Driven Character Dialogue Generation for Interactive Narrative. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 45-58, Tokyo, Japan, 2008.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Robert Phillips, Michael Wallis, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. Balancing Cognitive and Motivational Scaffolding in Tutorial Dialogue. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 239-249, Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Jonathan Rowe, Sunyoung Lee, and James Lester. Story-Based Learning: The Impact of Narrative on Learning Experiences and Outcomes. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 530-539, Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Julius Goth, Eun Young Ha, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. Student Note-Taking in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: Individual Differences and Learning Outcomes. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 510-519, Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Jennifer Robison, and James Lester. Affective Transitions in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 490-499, Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Jennifer Robison, Robert Phillips, and James Lester. Modeling Parallel and Reactive Empathy in Virtual Agents: An Inductive Approach. Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 167-174, Estoril, Portugal, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Jonathan Rowe, and James Lester. The Effects of Empathetic Virtual Characters on Presence in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the 2008 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1511-1520, Florence, Italy, 2008.

Scott McQuiggan, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Modeling Self-Efficacy in Intelligent Tutoring Systems: An Inductive Approach. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 18(1-2), 81-123, 2008.

Mark Riedl, Jonathan Rowe, and David Elson. Toward Intelligent Support of Authoring Machinima Media Content: Story and Visualization. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment, Cancun, Mexico, 2008. (Best Paper Award)

Scott McQuiggan, Sunyoung Lee, and James Lester. Early Prediction of Student Frustration. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interactions, pp. 698-709, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.

Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Mladen Vouk, and James Lester. The Influence of Learner Characteristics on Task-Oriented Tutorial Dialogue. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 365-372, Marina del Rey, California, 2007. (Best Student Paper Award)

Sunyoung Lee, Scott McQuiggan, and James Lester. Inducing User Affect Recognition Models for Task-Oriented Environments. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on User Modeling, pp. 380-384, Corfu, Greece, 2007.

Scott McQuiggan and James Lester. Modeling and Evaluating Empathy in Embodied Companion Agents. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(4), 348-360, 2007.

Bradford Mott, Sunyoung Lee, and James Lester. Probabilistic Goal Recognition in Interactive Narrative Environments. Proceedings of the Twenty-First National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 187-192, Boston, Massachusetts, 2006.

Bradford Mott and James Lester. Narrative-Centered Tutorial Planning for Inquiry-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 675-684, Jhongli, Taiwan, 2006.

Scott McQuiggan and James Lester. Diagnosing Self-Efficacy in Intelligent Tutoring Systems: An Empirical Study. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 565-574, Jhongli, Taiwan, 2006.

Scott McQuiggan, Sunyoung Lee, and James Lester. Predicting User Physiological Response for Interactive Environments: An Inductive Approach. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment, pp. 60-65, Marina del Rey, California, 2006.

Bradford Mott, Scott McQuiggan, Sunyoung Lee, Seung Lee, and James Lester. Narrative-Centered Environments for Guided Exploratory Learning. Proceedings of the AAMAS Workshop on Agent-Based Systems for Human Learning, pp. 22-28, Hakodate, Japan, 2006.

Bradford Mott and James Lester. U-Director: A Decision-Theoretic Narrative Planning Architecture for Storytelling Environments. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 977-984, Hakodate, Japan, 2006.

Scott McQuiggan and James Lester. Learning Empathy: A Data-Driven Framework for Modeling Empathetic Companion Agents. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 961-968, Hakodate, Japan, 2006.

James Lester, Karl Branting, and Bradford Mott. Conversational Agents. Practical Handbook of Internet Computing, Singh, M. (Eds.), Chapman Hall & CRC Press, Baton Rouge, 2004.

Karl Branting, James Lester, and Bradford Mott. Dialogue Management for Conversational Case-Based Reasoning. Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, pp. 77-90, Madrid, Spain, 2004.

Charles Callaway and James Lester. Pronominalization in Generated Discourse and Dialogue. Proceedings of the Fortieth Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics, pp. 88-95, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Charles Callaway and James Lester. Narrative Prose Generation. Artificial Intelligence, 139(2), 213-252, 2002.

Charles Callaway and James Lester. Narrative Prose Generation. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington, 2001.

Charles Callaway and James Lester. Evaluating the Effects of Natural Language Generation Techniques on Reader Satisfaction. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Edinburgh, UK, 2001.

Roxana Moreno, Rich Mayer, Hiller A. Spires, and James Lester. The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact with Animated Pedagogical Agents?. Cognition and Instruction, 192(2), 177-213, 2001.

Lewis Johnson, Jeff Rickel, and James Lester. Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments. The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11(1), 47-78, 2000. (IFAAMAS Influential Paper Award)

James Lester, Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, Jennifer Voerman, and Patrick FitzGerald. Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents. Embodied Conversational Agents, J. Cassell, S. Prevost, J. Sullivan, & E. Churchill (Eds.), pp. 123-154, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000.

Roxana Moreno, Rich Mayer, and James Lester. Life-Like Pedagogical Agents in Constructivist Multimedia Environments: Cognitive Consequences of Their Interaction. Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA), pp. 741-746, Montreal, Canada, 2000. (Outstanding Paper Award)

William Bares and James Lester. Intelligent Multi-Shot Visualization Interfaces for Dynamic 3D Worlds. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 119-126, Los Angeles, California, 1999. (Best Paper Award)

Karl Branting, Charles Callaway, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. Integrating Discourse and Domain Knowledge for Document Drafting. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 214-220, Oslo, Norway, 1999.

Brent Daniel, William Bares, Charles Callaway, and James Lester. Student-Sensitive Multimodal Explanation Generation for 3D Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 114-120, Orlando, Florida, 1999.

Clark Elliot, Jeff Rickel, and James Lester. Lifelike Pedagogical Agents and Affective Computing: An Exploratory Synthesis. Artificial Intelligence Today, Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence (Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Special Volume 1600, M. Wooldridge & M. Veloso (Eds.), pp. 195-212, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999.

Joël Grégoire, Luke Zettlemoyer, and James Lester. Detecting and Correcting Misconceptions with Lifelike Avatars in 3D Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 586-593, Le Mans, France, 1999.

James Lester, Stuart Towns, and Patrick FitzGerald. Achieving Affective Impact: Visual Emotive Communication in Lifelike Pedagogical Agents. The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 10(3-4), 278-291, 1999.

James Lester, Brian Stone, and Gary Stelling. Lifelike Pedagogical Agents for Mixed-Initiative Problem Solving in Constructivist Learning Environments. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 9(1-2), 1-44, 1999.

James Lester, Jennifer Voerman, Stuart Towns, and Charles Callaway. Deictic Believability: Coordinating Gesture, Locomotion, and Speech in Lifelike Pedagogical Agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 13(4-5), 383-414, 1999.

James Lester, Joël Grégoire, Luke Zettlemoyer, and William Bares. Explanatory Lifelike Avatars: Performing User-Centered Tasks in 3D Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 24-31, Seattle, Washington, 1999.

James Lester, Charles Callaway, and Stuart Towns. Creating Lifelike Behaviors in Animated Pedagogical Agents. Proceedings of the ITS Workshop on Pedagogical Agents, pp. 27-32, San Antonio, Texas, 1998.

William Bares, Luke Zettlemoyer, and James Lester. Habitable 3D Learning Environments for Situated Learning. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 76-85, San Antonio, Texas, 1998.

William Bares, Joël Grégoire, and James Lester. Realtime Constraint-Based Cinematography for Complex Interactive 3D Worlds. Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1101-1106, Madison, Wisconsin, 1998.

William Bares, Luke Zettlemoyer, Dennis Rodriguez, and James Lester. Task-Sensitive Cinematography Interfaces for Interactive 3D Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 81-88, San Francisco, California, 1998.

Karl Branting, James Lester, and Charles Callaway. Automating Judicial Document Drafting: A Discourse-Based Approach. Artificial Intelligence & Law, 6(2-4), 111-149, 1998. (Also appears in Judicial Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Sartor, G. & Branting, K. (Eds.), pp. 7-45, Kluwer, 1998.)

Stuart Towns, Patrick FitzGerald, and James Lester. Visual Emotive Communication in Lifelike Pedagogical Agents. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 474-483, San Antonio, Texas, 1998.

Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, Jennifer Voerman, and James Lester. Coherent Gestures, Locomotion, and Speech in Life-Like Pedagogical Agents. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 13-20, San Francisco, California, 1998. (Superceded by Applied Artificial Intelligence journal article above)

Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, and James Lester. Generating Coordinated Natural Language and 3D Animations for Complex Spatial Explanations. Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 112-119, Madison, Wisconsin, 1998.

William Bares and James Lester. Realtime Generation of Customized 3D Animated Explanations for Knowledge-Based Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 347-354, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997.

William Bares and James Lester. Cinematographic User Models for Automated Realtime Camera Control in Dynamic 3D Environments. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on User Modeling, pp. 215-226, Sardinia, Italy, 1997.

Karl Branting, James Lester, and Charles Callaway. Automated Drafting of Self-Explaining Documents. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 72-81, Melbourne, Australia, 1997.

Charles Callaway and James Lester. Dynamically Improving Explanations: A Revision-Based Approach to Explanation Generation. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 952-958, Nagoya, Japan, 1997.

Patrick FitzGerald and James Lester. Knowledge-Based Learning Environments: A Vision for the 21st Century. Interactive Technologies and the Social Sciences: Emerging Issues and Applications, P. Martorella (Eds.), pp. 111-127, SUNY Press, New York, 1997.

James Lester, Sharolyn Converse, Brian Stone, Susan Kahler, and Todd Barlow. Animated Pedagogical Agents and Problem-Solving Effectiveness: A Large-Scale Empirical Evaluation. Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 23-30, Kobe, Japan, 1997. (Best Paper Award)

James Lester, Sharolyn Converse, Susan Kahler, Todd Barlow, Brian Stone, and Ravinder Bhogal. The Persona Effect: Affective Impact of Animated Pedagogical Agents. Proceedings of CHI '97, pp. 359-366, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997.

James Lester and Brian Stone. Increasing Believability in Animated Pedagogical Agents. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 16-21, Marina del Rey, California, 1997.

James Lester, Patrick FitzGerald, and Brian Stone. The Pedagogical Design Studio: Exploiting Artifact-Based Task Models for Constructivist Learning. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 155-162, Orlando, Florida, 1997.

James Lester and Bruce Porter. Developing and Empirically Evaluating Robust Explanation Generators: The KNIGHT Experiments. Computational Linguistics, 23(1), 65-101, 1997.

Karl Branting and James Lester. A Framework for Self-Explaining Legal Documents. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Legal Knowledge-Based Systems, pp. 77-90, Tilburg University, The Netherlands, 1996.

James Lester, Brian Stone, Michael O'Leary, and Robert Stevenson. Focusing Problem Solving in Design-Centered Learning Environments. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 475-483, Montreal, Canada, 1996.

James Lester and Bruce Porter. Scaling Up Explanation Generation: Large-Scale Knowledge Bases and Empirical Studies. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 416-423, Portland, Oregon, 1996.

Brian Stone and James Lester. Dynamically Sequencing an Animated Pedagogical Agent. Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 424-431, Portland, Oregon, 1996. (Anthologized in Readings in Agents, Huhns, M. & Singh, M. (Eds.), pp. 156-163, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.) (Superceded by User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction journal article above)